Income and Expenditure

Cities are hubs for spending, with 80% of expenditure expected to be generated by urban areas in 2023. Spending growth in 2023 will, however, be sluggish, as cost of living challenges force consumers to be more conservative in their expenditure. Over…

Rising costs of living pose challenges globally, but companies can find opportunities in several categories, essential and discretionary, especially in underpenetrated fast-growing markets. By considering category adjacencies and focusing on value,…

Global consumers are struggling with the cost of living crisis, as inflation remains high while household income growth lags. Consumers are adopting recessionary habits, such as trading down and being more selective in their spending. Rather than…

Consumers are facing increased pressure from rising prices as global inflation reaches 7% in 2023. The impact of higher costs of living is felt from top earners in developed markets to struggling households in emerging and developing countries.…

Ageing, urbanisation and generational shifts shape China's demographic landscape. The number of seniors is projected to witness a substantial increase by 2040 while life expectancy grows and birth rates remain at all-time lows. Being the largest…

The briefing introduces the Cities Households Necessities Spending Index. The index ranks 1,075 cities by household expenditure on non-discretionary items, namely food, housing, and clothing and footwear. This analysis focuses on 160 major cities.…

The global urban consumer landscape is increasingly complex and difficult to navigate. Which cities should you choose for your consumer business expansion? To answer this and other questions, we are introducing the Euromonitor International Cities…

In the upcoming years, consumers and businesses face an array of challenges, with rising income inequality being among the key ones. Nevertheless, addressing the income inequality through catering to the Bottom of the Pyramid and the Middle Class…

Global consumer expenditure will rebound in 2021 following the downturn in 2020 as a result of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Spending on hotels and catering is forecast to have the fastest real growth. This report will provide key insights…

Investments into digital technologies and industry 4.0 are transforming economies and consumer behaviour. The briefing examines how digitalisation manifests in manufacturing, mobility, education and consumer lifestyles to improve business…

This report provides insights into how the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic impacts the middle class in emerging and developing countries. It will also deep dive into China, home to nearly half of the developing world’s middle class, to uncover the…

Generation Z, comprising one-fifth of the global population, is poised to wield significant consumer influence. However, their polarized behaviours toward social activism, technology, and spending present challenges for businesses. This report…

This briefing provides a global perspective of the key trends occurring in cities over 2018 -2023. It goes on to provide forecast data and insights for cities over 2024-2040, covering areas such as the economic, population and consumer spending…

The global economy is expected to see slower growth and higher inflation amid the war in Ukraine and the imposition of economic sanctions on Russia. The main impact channels would be accelerated energy and commodity prices, disruptions in the global…

Businesses globally face challenges in consumer markets in the short to medium term, owing to the rising cost of living and increasingly financially cautious consumers. Amidst uncertainty arise opportunities. Income and expenditure insights are…

This report examines inflation levels and drivers globally and in key countries. In 2023, global inflation is expected to ease from its peak in 2022, but remaining significantly above-trend. Geopolitical risks and uncertainty in the energy market are…

The report examines inflation level and drivers globally and in the key countries. Global inflation is forecast to accelerate due to higher energy and commodity prices, disruptions in supply chains and weaker business confidence. Impact varies…

This report examines inflation levels and drivers globally and in key countries. Global inflation is reaching a peak, although geopolitical risks and uncertainty in the energy market remain key risks. The impact varies between countries, with…

This report examines inflation levels and drivers globally and in key countries. Global inflation is reaching a peak, although geopolitical risks and uncertainty in the energy market remain key risks. The impact varies between countries, with…

This report examines inflation levels and drivers globally and in key countries in Q4 2023 and 2024. Global inflation is moderating, although divergence remains among the key economies. Higher volatility in the energy markets and disruption of…

The global outlook has improved as of Q1 2021, thanks to vaccination progress in many developed countries. Nevertheless, the recovery prospects remain distant for most economies in the face of the spread of new, more infectious variants of the virus.…

The global economic outlook continues to improve in Q2 2021, though a two-speed recovery is taking shape as developed economies are set to bounce back quicker while the slow vaccine rollout in developing countries is delaying their recovery. The main…

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has triggered the most severe global recession in nearly a century. Businesses are operating in a world of anxieties and uncertainties, not knowing what will be the new normal or when output and consumer spending…

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has triggered the most severe global recession since World War II. In Q4 2020, the end of the pandemic started as countries began administering effective vaccines among the population; however, vaccine distribution…

As the end of 2021 approaches, almost two years into the COVID-19 pandemic, the emergence and rapid spread of the Omicron coronavirus variant has increased uncertainty and weakened the momentum of the global recovery. This series of quarterly reports…

Expanding population, ageing, migration, and generational shifts shape Hong Kong’s demographic landscape. Economic turbulences influence consumers’ consumption patterns with more people having negative outlook. The number of seniors is projected to…

Rapid economic development, ongoing urbanisation and digitalisation are expected to spur economic growth within Asia Pacific, with the region enjoying the largest income gains globally through to 2040. Vast infrastructure investments are expected to…

Insight into income, wealth and expenditure of consumers and households is vital in helping businesses make strategic decisions with regards to which country (or even which region within a country) to enter, which consumer segment to target, which…

In 2023, Bangladesh ranked 17th among Asia Pacific nations in terms of average gross income. Even though the income levels remained comparatively low, in 2023 the country recorded an accelerated increase in per capita disposable incomes, which grew…

Insight into income, wealth and expenditure of consumers and households is vital in helping businesses make strategic decisions with regards to which country (or even which region within a country) to enter, which consumer segment to target, which…

In 2023, China recorded growth in per capita disposable income, driven by economic expansion, lower unemployment rates and increased labour productivity. However, income inequality remained high, with urban dwellers typically earning more due to…

In 2023, Hong Kong led the Asia Pacific region in terms of average gross income, while disposable income per capita recorded relatively strong growth due to a rebounding economy, decreased unemployment and increased labour productivity. However,…

In 2023, India ranked 16th among Asia Pacific countries in terms of average gross income. Disposable income per capita grew in 2023 driven by the country’s relatively strong economic expansion and increased labour productivity. However, income…

In 2023, Indonesia saw a 4.7% increase in per capita disposable income, driven by strong economic growth, lower unemployment and improved labour productivity. However, income inequality remained a major issue, with the top 10% of households earning…

In 2023, Japan's average gross income ranked third among Asia Pacific nations, however, the country recorded a decrease in per capita disposable income due to inflation and economic challenges. Furthermore, the situation in terms of gender equality…

Insight into income, wealth and expenditure of consumers and households is vital in helping businesses make strategic decisions with regards to which country (or even which region within a country) to enter, which consumer segment to target, which…

Insight into income, wealth and expenditure of consumers and households is vital in helping businesses make strategic decisions with regards to which country (or even which region within a country) to enter, which consumer segment to target, which…

In 2023, Malaysia ranked eighth among Asia Pacific nations in terms of average gross income. The country’s disposable income levels increased over the year, albeit at a slower pace than in 2022, reflecting the global economic challenges and…

Myanmar's per capita income is expected to see a modest increase. Middle Youth will continue to shape luxury spending trends. However, income inequality is set to rise to extremely high levels in global terms. Social class A is poised for rapid…

In 2023, Pakistan ranked 21st out of 22 Asia Pacific countries in terms of average gross income, with economic deceleration and a decrease in remittance inflows contributing to stagnant disposable income levels growth. During 2023-2028, per capita…

In 2023, growth in real terms per capita disposable income levels was supported by a decrease in unemployment, lower inflationary pressures and high productivity. Income inequality remained a concern, with a significant wage gap between highly…

South Korea witnessed a 1% real terms increase in per capita disposable income in 2023, with income growth mirroring economic deceleration in the country. However, the country's labour market remained robust, with the unemployment rate standing low.…

Over the long term, the consumer market in Sri Lanka is forecast to expand at a faster pace compared to regional countries, thanks to economic reforms and a gradual transition towards a more urbanised economy built around manufacturing and services…

Taiwan is expected to see a significant increase in per capita income. Middle Youth will continue to lead luxury spending trends. However, income inequality is projected to rise but remain at a moderate level in global terms. Social class A is poised…

Thailand's per capita income is set to rise by 17.9% from 2022 to 2027. Middle Youth will continue to lead luxury spending, while income inequality will decrease. Social class C will grow fastest, but social class D will remain dominant. Bangkok will…

In 2023, the Philippines ranked 13th among Asia Pacific countries in terms of average gross income, and saw a 3.7% rise in per capita disposable income over the year. Growth in incomes was supported by a lower unemployment rate and an increase in…

Insight into income, wealth and expenditure of consumers and households is vital in helping businesses make strategic decisions with regards to which country (or even which region within a country) to enter, which consumer segment to target, which…

Insight into income, wealth and expenditure of consumers and households is vital in helping businesses make strategic decisions with regards to which country (or even which region within a country) to enter, which consumer segment to target, which…

Vietnam’s consumer income is expected to more than double by 2040, facilitated by robust economic growth. Purchasing power will be largely concentrated in the hands of younger generations. Generations Y and Z are expected to shape luxury-spending…

Population expansion, higher birth rates, a large youth cohort, and urbanisation continue to shape India’s demographic landscape. Stronger economic performance and growing incomes influence Indian consumption patterns with more people having a…