Standardised coverage and timely analysis helping you to understa...
Standardised coverage and timely analysis helping you to understand in-depth detail on the income levels and spending habits of consumers around the world.
In 2023, Austria ranked fifth among Western European nations for average gross income. Over the year, the country recorded a 2% decrease in per capita disposable income amid the environment of economic slowdown, continuously high inflationary…
In 2023, per capita disposable incomes increased in the Netherlands although at a slow pace as economic slowdown and persistent inflationary pressures constrained growth. Looking ahead, income distribution is expected to remain comparatively balanced…
In 2023, Italy ranked 13th among Western European countries in average gross income, with a modest rise in per capita disposable income in 2023. Economic slowdown and persistent inflationary pressures constrained income growth. Furthermore, income…
In 2023, Belgium ranked sixth among Western European countries for average gross income. Over the year, the country’s per capita disposable incomes slightly increased, supported by the country’s wage indexation system. Per capita disposable income is…
This briefing provides a global perspective of the key trends occurring in cities over 2018 -2023. It goes on to provide forecast data and insights for cities over 2024-2040, covering areas such as the economic, population and consumer spending…
Technological advances in 2024 will continue to reshape consumer behaviour. This annual report explores the top five digital shopper trends that will redefine commerce the most in the year ahead. Some of the trends included in this report’s edition…
This report examines inflation levels and drivers globally and in key countries in Q4 2023 and 2024. Global inflation is moderating, although divergence remains among the key economies. Higher volatility in the energy markets and disruption of…
In the upcoming years, consumers and businesses face an array of challenges, with rising income inequality being among the key ones. Nevertheless, addressing the income inequality through catering to the Bottom of the Pyramid and the Middle Class…
Income growth in Finland is anticipated to be sluggish due to subdued economic growth, although it is expected to maintain a high standing within the EU context. As the lowest income class experiences the fastest expansion among all income classes,…
In 2022, a recovering tourism sector and lower unemployment rates boosted consumer incomes, while government aid has alleviated the impact of rising energy costs. However, medium-term income growth is predicted to be modest. In 2027, the population…
Ireland is expected to experience economic growth and increased per capita income over 2022-2027. Later Lifers are projected to dominate the top income group, influencing luxury spending. While income inequality is forecast to increase, poverty rates…
Greece's per capita income is set to rise, driven by Later Lifers influencing luxury spending. Despite an increase in income inequality, it will remain high in global terms. Social class E will grow rapidly, while social class D will remain…
Persisting inflationary pressure is expected to constrain the purchasing power of the German consumers resulting in a slowdown in discretionary spending growth. Nevertheless, in the long term, consumer incomes are set to grow due to rising…
Norway is expected to experience economic growth and increased per capita income over 2022-2027, with growing savings per capita. Later Lifers are predicted to be the highest earners by 2027, impacting luxury spending trends. Income inequality is…
By 2040, Spain’s consumer landscape is set to be dominated by childless households, as the fertility rate declines owing to the population continuing to age. Consumers continue to seek bargains, with almost half switching to private label in 2022.…
In 2022, Sweden experienced population growth, driven by increased immigration, notably from Ukrainian citizens seeking refuge due to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Millennials became the largest generational cohort, shaping consumer behaviour with…
Portugal's per capita income will notably rise. Later Lifers will lead luxury spending. Despite a projected decrease in income inequality, it will remain high in global terms. Social class C will grow rapidly, while social class D remains dominant.…
The Danish population is expanding due to an influx of immigrants, while businesses are becoming more diverse and inclusive. Consumer trends and consumption patterns sparked by the pandemic are still observed in 2022, and consumers are increasingly…
Private label – retailers’ alternatives to brands – tend to benefit from inflation. However, despite record inflation in France, Germany and the UK, the market share of private label in the three countries remained broadly stable across FMCGs in…
Sweden’s economic trajectory projects an increase in per capita gross income over 2022-2027, shaped by Late Lifers’ dominance in the top income band. The current moderate income inequality is forecast to grow. Rising housing costs and evolving…
Germany experiences a continuous flow of immigrants that supports its population, and its businesses are embracing greater diversity and inclusivity. The impacts of the pandemic on consumer trends and spending habits are still evident in 2022, with a…
Denmark’s per capita gross income is predicted to rise over 2022-2027, with Late Lifers driving luxury spending. Income inequality is predicted to increase moderately, and social class D will expand. Meanwhile, housing expenses are increasing and…
In the upcoming years, consumers and businesses face an array of challenges, with income inequality, mass migration and rising uncertainty about another crisis being among the major ones. Nevertheless, within this lie untapped opportunities. This…
Inflationary pressures are expected to hinder real disposable income growth and diminish purchasing power in the near future. Nevertheless, the government is implementing measures to protect vulnerable households amidst the cost-of-living crisis.…
The UK’s population is ageing, and more people are choosing to live child-free. By 2040, Millennials (aged 45-60 years) will be the largest demographic, surpassing Baby Boomers. To cope with rising costs, consumers actively seek bargains, although…
Rapidly aging population and negative rate of natural change in Italy compensated by growing immigration and influx of refugees. Consumer trends and consumption patterns sparked by the pandemic are still observed in 2022, and consumers are…
Population expansion, higher birth rates, urbanisation, migration and generational shifts continue to shape Turkey’s demographic landscape. Persisting economic challenges influence Turkish consumption patterns with more people seeking affordability.…
The global energy crisis has had far-reaching implications for consumers, businesses and entire economies, highlighting the importance of the global energy transition and boosting energy efficiency, while creating opportunities for innovation and…
Consumers are facing increased pressure from rising prices as global inflation reaches 7% in 2023. The impact of higher costs of living is felt from top earners in developed markets to struggling households in emerging and developing countries.…
Cities are hubs for spending, with 80% of expenditure expected to be generated by urban areas in 2023. Spending growth in 2023 will, however, be sluggish, as cost of living challenges force consumers to be more conservative in their expenditure. Over…
In 2022, the Netherlands saw stable birth rates, but deaths exceeded births for the first time since 1900. Immigration, particularly from Ukraine, contributed to population growth. The housing crisis worsened due to increased demand, leading to a…
Turkish consumer income is predicted to increase at a faster rate than in Western Europe over the period to 2027, although starting from lower initial levels. Middle-aged consumers are set to earn the most, due to better jobs and multiple income…
France will witness stagnant economic growth over the forecast period, which will contribute to slow long-term expansion in consumer incomes. In the near future, the rising cost of living is set to undermine French purchasing power and dampen…
The French population is sustained by an influx of immigrants, while businesses are becoming more diverse and inclusive. Consumer trends and consumption patterns sparked by the pandemic are still observed in 2022, and consumers are increasingly…
The Belgian population is expanding due to an influx of immigrants, while businesses are becoming more diverse and inclusive. Consumer trends and consumption patterns sparked by the pandemic are still observed in 2022, and consumers are increasingly…
Global consumers are struggling with the cost of living crisis, as inflation remains high while household income growth lags. Consumers are adopting recessionary habits, such as trading down and being more selective in their spending. Rather than…
Increased economic uncertainty, digitisation of business activities, the need to improve operational efficiency, and stricter regulations encourage companies to review their supply networks and fortify them against the potential risks in the future.…
The world is rapidly evolving due economic, political, geographic and climate changes. This is contributing to a change in consumer’s habit and behaviour as they try to keep pace with these newer developments. Deeper understanding of these changes…
It is important to understand how urbanisation is being driven in emerging markets, and how new suburban developments are occurring in developed markets, what changes in household types and sizes will occur, and how the modern home will evolve,…
Due to changing global demographics and unfolding financial and environmental concerns, consumption patterns have been evolving over the recent years, accelerating the shift towards more budget-conscious and eco-aware shopping. As changing consumer…
This report examines inflation levels and drivers globally and in key countries. In 2023, global inflation is expected to ease from its peak in 2022, but remaining significantly above-trend. Geopolitical risks and uncertainty in the energy market are…
Now in its seventh edition, this report explores the top digital shopper trends that will redefine commerce the most in the year ahead. Some of the trends included in this edition touch on topics such as second-hand shopping, community group buying,…
This report examines inflation levels and drivers globally and in key countries. Global inflation is reaching a peak, although geopolitical risks and uncertainty in the energy market remain key risks. The impact varies between countries, with…
After decades of low inflation, economies, companies and consumers worldwide struggle to cope with the surging cost-of-living crisis. While the costs are proliferating, the expansion in remuneration is slow. This squeeze on living standards leads to…
This report examines inflation levels and drivers globally and in key countries. Global inflation is reaching a peak, although geopolitical risks and uncertainty in the energy market remain key risks. The impact varies between countries, with…
Stable economic growth and low unemployment are set to support steady expansion in Swiss household incomes over 2021-2040. While discretionary spending patterns will be driven by Mid-Lifers, the elderly population will hold the majority of buying…
The briefing introduces the Cities Households Necessities Spending Index. The index ranks 1,075 cities by household expenditure on non-discretionary items, namely food, housing, and clothing and footwear. This analysis focuses on 160 major cities.…
The report examines inflation level and drivers globally and in the key countries. Global inflation is forecast to accelerate due to higher energy and commodity prices, disruptions in supply chains and weaker business confidence. Impact varies…
The global economy is expected to see slower growth and higher inflation amid the war in Ukraine and the imposition of economic sanctions on Russia. The main impact channels would be accelerated energy and commodity prices, disruptions in the global…