Western Europe

Athens remains Greece’s most economically active city, due to its position in terms of population size, consumer expenditure and disposable income. Moreover, Larissa holds the highest potential for future economic expansion, based on expected GDP…

Amsterdam remains the Netherlands most economically active city, owing to its position in terms of population size, consumer expenditure and disposable incomes. Meanwhile, Groningen holds the highest potential for future economic expansion owing to…

Oslo remains Norway’s most economically vibrant city, due to its position in terms of population size, consumer expenditure and disposable income. Meanwhile, Stavanger/Sandes holds strong potential for future economic growth in terms of GDP growth.…

Dublin and Cork are Ireland’s most economically active cities, due to their positions in terms of population size, consumer expenditure and labour productivity. Dublin holds the highest potential for further economic expansion, due to forecast GDP…

Helsinki remains Finland’s most economically active city, due to its position in terms of population size, consumer expenditure and disposable income. Tampere holds the strongest potential for future economic expansion, based on expected GDP growth.…

Copenhagen and Arhus are Denmark’s most economically vibrant cities. Moreover, Copenhagen holds the highest potential for future economic growth based on expected GDP growth. However, challenges for the country’s cities will persist in the near term…

Salzburg and Graz are Austria’s most economically vibrant cities. Meanwhile, Innsbruck holds the highest potential for future economic growth. However, challenges for the country’s cities will persist in the near term due to the continuing global…

The United Kingdom’s (UK) political landscape has been volatile, whilst Brexit continues to weigh on economic freedom. Owing to high inflation that has eroded consumer purchasing power and business investment, economic output is set to slow markedly,…

Although Sweden has solid economic freedom, it is suffering from gang violence that is destabilising society, whilst state finances have deteriorated. The economy went into recession in 2023, owing to weak private spending and price pressures, but…

Government finances are improving in Portugal, but corruption remains problematic and far-right factions have gained ground. Economic development is slowing, but inflation is under control and foreign investment remains important for economic…